Ukungaqiniseki kunye neempazamo zokulinganisa zizinto ezisisiseko ezifundwa kwi-metrology, kwaye yenye yezona ngcamango zibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ngabavavanyi be-metrology. Inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokuthembeka kweziphumo zokulinganisa kunye nokuchaneka kunye nokuhambelana kokudluliselwa kwexabiso. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi badibanisa okanye basebenzise kakubi ezi zinto zimbini ngenxa yeengcamango ezingacacanga. Eli nqaku lidibanisa amava okufunda "Uvavanyo kunye nokuVezwa kokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa" ukuze kugxilwe kumahluko phakathi kwezi zimbini. Into yokuqala ekufuneka icace ngumahluko wengqiqo phakathi kokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kunye nempazamo.
Ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo kubonisa uvavanyo loluhlu lwamaxabiso apho ixabiso lokwenyani lexabiso elilinganisiweyo lilele khona.Inika ixesha apho ixabiso lokwenyani linokuwa khona ngokwendlela ethile yokuqiniseka. Isenokuba kukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo okanye ukuphindaphinda kwayo, okanye ububanzi besiqingatha sexesha elibonisa inqanaba lokuzithemba. Ayisiyompazamo yokwenyani ethile, ichaza nje ngobuninzi inxalenye yoluhlu lweempazamo olungenakulungiswa ngendlela yeeparameter. Ivela ekulungisweni okungaphelelanga kweziphumo zengozi kunye neziphumo ezicwangcisiweyo, kwaye yiparameter yokusasazwa esetyenziselwa ukuchaza amaxabiso alinganisiweyo anikwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ukungaqiniseki kwahlulwe kwiindidi ezimbini zecandelo lovavanyo, u-A kunye no-B, ngokwendlela yokuzifumana. Icandelo lovavanyo lohlobo A luvavanyo lokungaqiniseki olwenziwa ngohlalutyo lwezibalo lwechungechunge lokuqaphela, kwaye iqela lovavanyo lohlobo B liqikelelwa ngokusekelwe kumava okanye kolunye ulwazi, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba kukho iqela lokungaqiniseki elimelwe "kukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo" okuqikelelweyo.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, impazamo ibhekisa kwimpazamo yokulinganisa, kwaye inkcazo yayo yendabuko ngumahluko phakathi kwesiphumo sokulinganisa kunye nexabiso lokwenyani lexabiso elilinganisiweyo.Ngokwesiqhelo inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini: iimpazamo ezicwangcisiweyo kunye neempazamo ezingalindelekanga. Impazamo ikhona ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye kufuneka ibe lixabiso eliqinisekileyo, kodwa ekubeni ixabiso lokwenyani lingaziwa kwiimeko ezininzi, impazamo yokwenyani ayinakwaziwa ngokuchanekileyo. Sifuna nje uqikelelo olungcono lwexabiso lenyaniso phantsi kweemeko ezithile, kwaye silibiza ngokuba lixabiso lenyaniso eliqhelekileyo.
Ngokuqonda le ngcamango, singabona ukuba kukho umahluko phakathi kokungaqiniseki komlinganiselo kunye nempazamo yomlinganiselo:
1. Umahluko kwiinjongo zovavanyo:
Ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo kujoliswe ekuboniseni ukusasazeka kwexabiso elilinganisiweyo;
Injongo yempazamo yokulinganisa kukubonisa inqanaba apho iziphumo zokulinganisa ziphambuka khona kwixabiso lokwenyani.
2. Umahluko phakathi kweziphumo zovavanyo:
Ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo yiparameter engasayinwanga ebonakaliswa kukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo okanye ukuphindaphinda kokuphambuka okuqhelekileyo okanye isiqingatha sobubanzi bexesha lokuzithemba. Ivavanywa ngabantu ngokusekelwe kulwazi olufana novavanyo, idatha, kunye namava. Inokumiselwa ngokwenani ngeentlobo ezimbini zeendlela zovavanyo, u-A kunye no-B. ;
Impazamo yokulinganisa lixabiso elinophawu oluhle okanye olubi. Ixabiso lalo sisiphumo sokulinganisa ngaphandle kwexabiso lokwenyani elilinganisiweyo. Ekubeni ixabiso lokwenyani lingaziwa, alinakufumaneka ngokuchanekileyo. Xa kusetyenziswa ixabiso lokwenyani eliqhelekileyo endaweni yexabiso lokwenyani, kuphela ixabiso eliqikelelweyo elinokufumaneka.
3. Umahluko phakathi kwezinto ezinefuthe:
Ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kufunyanwa ngabantu ngohlalutyo novavanyo, ngoko ke kunxulumene nokuqonda kwabantu umlinganiselo, nto leyo echaphazela ubungakanani kunye nenkqubo yokulinganisa;
Iimpazamo zokulinganisa zikhona ngendlela echanekileyo, azichaphazeleki zizinto zangaphandle, kwaye azitshintshi ngokuqondwa ngabantu;
Ngoko ke, xa kusenziwa uhlalutyo lokungaqiniseki, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo izinto ezahlukeneyo ezinefuthe, kwaye uvavanyo lokungaqiniseki lufanele luqinisekiswe. Ngaphandle koko, ngenxa yohlalutyo olunganelanga kunye noqikelelo, ukungaqiniseki okuqikelelweyo kunokuba kukhulu xa isiphumo sokulinganisa sisondele kakhulu kwixabiso lokwenyani (oko kukuthi, impazamo incinci), okanye ukungaqiniseki okunikiweyo kunokuba kuncinci kakhulu xa impazamo yokulinganisa inkulu ngokwenene.
4. Umahluko ngokwendalo:
Ngokubanzi akufuneki ukwahlula iipropati zokungaqiniseki komlinganiselo kunye neenxalenye zokungaqiniseki. Ukuba kufuneka zahlulwe, kufuneka zichazwe ngolu hlobo: "iinxalenye zokungaqiniseki ezivezwe ziziphumo ezingacwangciswanga" kunye "neenxalenye zokungaqiniseki ezivezwe ziziphumo zenkqubo";
Iimpazamo zokulinganisa zinokwahlulwa zibe ziimpazamo ezingacwangciswanga kunye neempazamo ezicwangcisiweyo ngokweempawu zazo. Ngokwenkcazo, zombini iimpazamo ezingacwangciswanga kunye neempazamo ezicwangcisiweyo ziingcamango ezifanelekileyo kwimeko yokulinganisa okuninzi ngokungenasiphelo.
5. Umahluko phakathi kokulungiswa kweziphumo zokulinganisa:
Igama elithi "ukungaqiniseki" ngokwalo lithetha ixabiso eliqikelelweyo. Alibhekiseli kwixabiso elithile nelichanekileyo lempazamo. Nangona linokulinganiswa, alinakusetyenziselwa ukulungisa ixabiso. Ukungaqiniseki okuziswa kukulungiswa okungaphelelanga kunokuqwalaselwa kuphela ekungaqinisekini kweziphumo zokulinganisa ezilungisiweyo.
Ukuba ixabiso eliqikelelweyo lempazamo yenkqubo liyaziwa, isiphumo sokulinganisa singalungiswa ukuze kufunyanwe isiphumo sokulinganisa esichanekileyo.
Emva kokuba ubukhulu bulungisiwe, busenokuba kufutshane nexabiso lokwenyani, kodwa ukungaqiniseki kwalo akupheleli nje ekuncipheni, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kuba likhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba asinakwazi ukuba ixabiso lokwenyani lingakanani na, kodwa sinokuqikelela kuphela inqanaba apho iziphumo zokulinganisa zisondele okanye zikude khona nexabiso lokwenyani.
Nangona ukungaqiniseki kunye nempazamo yokulinganisa zinomahluko ongentla, zisasondelelene kakhulu. Ingcamango yokungaqiniseki kukusetyenziswa kunye nokwandiswa kwethiyori yempazamo, kwaye uhlalutyo lweempazamo lusesisiseko sethiyori sokuvavanya ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa, ngakumbi xa kuqikelelwa izinto zohlobo lwe-B, uhlalutyo lweempazamo alunakwahlulwa. Umzekelo, iimpawu zezixhobo zokulinganisa zinokuchazwa ngokweempazamo eziphezulu ezivumelekileyo, impazamo yokubonisa, njl. Ixabiso elilinganiselweyo lempazamo evumelekileyo yesixhobo sokulinganisa esichazwe kwiinkcukacha zobugcisa kunye nemigaqo libizwa ngokuba "yimpazamo ephezulu evumelekileyo" okanye "umda wempazamo evumelekileyo". Luluhlu oluvumelekileyo lwempazamo yokubonisa echazwe ngumenzi wohlobo oluthile lwesixhobo, hayi impazamo yokwenyani yesixhobo esithile. Impazamo ephezulu evumelekileyo yesixhobo sokulinganisa inokufumaneka kwincwadi yesixhobo, kwaye ibonakaliswa ngophawu lokudibanisa okanye lokunciphisa xa ibonakaliswa njengexabiso lenani, elihlala libonakaliswa kwimpazamo epheleleyo, impazamo ehambelanayo, impazamo yesalathiso okanye indibaniselwano yazo. Umzekelo ± 0.1PV, ± 1%, njl. Impazamo ephezulu evumelekileyo yesixhobo sokulinganisa ayikuko ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa, kodwa ingasetyenziswa njengesiseko sovavanyo lokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa. Ukungaqiniseki okuziswe sisixhobo sokulinganisa kwisiphumo sokulinganisa kunokuvavanywa ngokwempazamo ephezulu evumelekileyo yesixhobo ngokwendlela yovavanyo lohlobo lwe-B. Omnye umzekelo ngumahluko phakathi kwexabiso lokubonisa lesixhobo sokulinganisa kunye nexabiso eliyinyani elivunyelweneyo lokufaka okufanelekileyo, eliyimpazamo yokubonisa yesixhobo sokulinganisa. Kwizixhobo zokulinganisa ezibonakalayo, ixabiso elibonisiweyo lixabiso lalo eliqhelekileyo. Ngokwesiqhelo, ixabiso elinikiweyo okanye eliphinda liveliswe ngumgangatho wokulinganisa ophezulu lisetyenziswa njengexabiso eliyinyani elivunyelweneyo (elidla ngokubizwa ngokuba lixabiso lokulinganisa okanye ixabiso eliqhelekileyo). Kumsebenzi wokuqinisekisa, xa ukungaqiniseki okwandisiweyo kwexabiso elisemgangathweni elinikwe ngumgangatho wokulinganisa kuyi-1/3 ukuya kwi-1/10 yempazamo ephezulu evumelekileyo yesixhobo esivavanyiweyo, kwaye impazamo yokubonisa yesixhobo esivavanyiweyo ikwimpazamo ephezulu evumelekileyo echaziweyo, inokugwetywa njengefanelekileyo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-10-2023
