Ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo kunye neempazamo zizindululo ezisisiseko ezifundwayo kwi-metrology, kunye nenye yeengqiqo ezibalulekileyo ezihlala zisetyenziswa ngabavavanyi be-metrology.Ihambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokuthembeka kweziphumo zokulinganisa kunye nokuchaneka kunye nokuhambelana kokuhanjiswa kwexabiso.Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi babhidanisa ngokulula okanye basebenzise kakubi ezi zimbini ngenxa yeengcamango ezingacacanga.Eli nqaku lidibanisa amava okufunda "Uvavanyo kunye nokubonakaliswa koMlinganiselo wokungaqiniseki" ukugxila kumahluko phakathi kwezi zibini.Into yokuqala ekufuneka icace ngumahluko wengqiqo phakathi kokungaqiniseki komlinganiselo kunye nempazamo.
Ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo kubonisa uvandlakanyo loluhlu lwamaxabiso apho ixabiso lokwenyani lexabiso elilinganisiweyo lilele.Inika isithuba apho ixabiso lokwenyani linokuthi lehle ngokwentembeko ethile.Isenokuba kukutenxa okusemgangathweni okanye ukuphindaphindwa kwayo, okanye isiqingatha sobubanzi besithuba esibonisa inqanaba lokuzithemba.Ayiyompazamo yokwenyani ethile, ichaza nje ngokobungakanani inxalenye yoluhlu lwempazamo engenakulungiswa ngendlela yeeparamitha.Isuka kulungiso olungafezekanga lweziphumo zengozi kunye neziphumo ezicwangcisiweyo, kwaye iparamitha yokusabalalisa esetyenziselwa ukubonakalisa amaxabiso alinganisiweyo anikezelwe ngokufanelekileyo.Ukungaqiniseki kwahlulwe kwiindidi ezimbini zamacandelo ovavanyo, A kunye no-B, ngokwendlela yokuwafumana.Icandelo lovavanyo lodidi A luvavanyo lokungaqiniseki olwenziwa ngohlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani lothotho loqwalaselo, kunye necandelo lovavanyo lohlobo B luqikelelwa ngokusekelwe kumava okanye olunye ulwazi, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba kukho icandelo lokungaqiniseki elimelwe "ngokutenxa okuqhelekileyo".
Kwiimeko ezininzi, impazamo ibhekisa kwimpazamo yokulinganisa, kwaye inkcazo yayo yemveli ngumahluko phakathi kwesiphumo somlinganiselo kunye nexabiso lokwenyani lexabiso elilinganisiweyo.Ngokuqhelekileyo zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo amabini: iimpazamo ezicwangcisiweyo kunye neempazamo zengozi.Impazamo ikhona ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ifanele ibe lixabiso eliqinisekileyo, kodwa ekubeni ixabiso lokwenene lingaziwa kwiimeko ezininzi, impazamo yokwenyaniso ayinakwaziwa ngokuchanekileyo.Sifuna nje olona qikelelo lwexabiso lenyaniso phantsi kweemeko ezithile, kwaye siyibize ngexabiso lenyani eliqhelekileyo.
Ngokuqonda ingqikelelo, sinokubona ukuba kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kokungaqiniseki komlinganiselo kunye nempazamo yomlinganiso:
1. Umahluko kwiinjongo zovavanyo:
Ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo kujoliswe ekuboniseni ukusasazeka kwexabiso elilinganisiweyo;
Injongo yempazamo yomlinganiselo kukubonisa iqondo apho iziphumo zomlinganiselo zishenxa kwixabiso lokwenyani.
2. Umahluko phakathi kweziphumo zovavanyo:
Ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo yiparameter engasayinwanga echazwe ngokutenxa okusemgangathweni okanye ukuphindaphindwa kokutenxa okusemgangathweni okanye isiqingatha sobubanzi besithuba sokuzithemba.Ivavanywa ngabantu ngokusekelwe kulwazi olufana nemifuniselo, idatha, kunye namava.Inokumiselwa ngokobungakanani ziindidi ezimbini zeendlela zokuvavanya, A no B.;
Impazamo yomlinganiselo lixabiso elinophawu oluvumayo okanye olubi.Ixabiso layo sisiphumo somlinganiselo kuthatyathwe ixabiso lokwenyani elilinganisiweyo.Ekubeni ixabiso lokwenene lingaziwa, alinakufunyanwa ngokuchanekileyo.Xa kusetyenziswa ixabiso lokwenyani eliqhelekileyo endaweni yexabiso lokwenyani, kuphela ixabiso eliqikelelweyo elinokufunyanwa.
3. Umahluko wezinto ezinempembelelo:
Ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo kufunyanwa ngabantu ngokuhlalutya kunye nokuvavanya, ngoko kuhambelana nokuqonda kwabantu kwi-measurand, ukuphembelela ubuninzi kunye nenkqubo yokulinganisa;
Iimpazamo zokulinganisa zikhona ngokufanelekileyo, azichatshazelwa zizinto zangaphandle, kwaye azitshintshi ngokuqonda kwabantu;
Ngoko ke, xa uhlalutya ukungaqiniseki, izinto ezahlukeneyo ezichaphazelayo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye uvavanyo lokungaqiniseki kufuneka luqinisekiswe.Kungenjalo, ngenxa yohlalutyo olungonelanga kunye noqikelelo, ukungaqiniseki okuqikelelweyo kunokuba kukhulu xa isiphumo somlinganiso sisondele kakhulu kwixabiso lokwenyani (oko kukuthi, impazamo incinci), okanye ukungaqiniseki okunikiweyo kunokuba kuncinci kakhulu xa impazamo yokulinganisa inyani. enkulu.
4. Umahluko ngendalo:
Ngokuqhelekileyo akufuneki ukwahlula iimpawu zomlinganiselo wokungaqiniseki kunye nokungaqiniseki.Ukuba zifuna ukwahlulwa, kufuneka zichazwe ngolu hlobo: "i-uncertainty components eziveliswa yi-random effects" kunye "necandelo lokungaqiniseki eliveliswe yi-system effects";
Iimpazamo zokulinganisa zingahlulwa zibe ziimpazamo ezingaqhelekanga kunye neempazamo ezicwangcisiweyo ngokweempawu zazo.Ngokwenkcazo, zombini iimpazamo ezizenzekelayo kunye neempazamo ezicwangcisiweyo ziingcamango ezifanelekileyo kwimeko yemilinganiselo emininzi engapheliyo.
5. Umahluko phakathi kokulungiswa kweziphumo zomlinganiselo:
Igama elithi "ukungaqiniseki" ngokwalo lithetha ixabiso eliqikelelwayo.Ayibhekiseli kwixabiso elichanekileyo nelichanekileyo.Nangona inokuqikelelwa, ayinakusetyenziswa ukulungisa ixabiso.Ukungaqiniseki okwaziswa ngezilungiso ezingafezekanga kunokuqwalaselwa kuphela ekungaqinisekini kweziphumo zokulinganisa ezichanekileyo.
Ukuba ixabiso eliqikelelweyo lephutha lenkqubo liyaziwa, umphumo wokulinganisa unokulungiswa ukuze ufumane umphumo ochanekileyo wokulinganisa.
Emva kokulungiswa kobukhulu, kunokusondela kwixabiso lokwenene, kodwa ukungaqiniseki kwayo akunciphisi nje kuphela, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kuba mkhulu.Oku ikakhulu kungenxa yokuba asinakwazi ngokuthe ngqo ukuba lingakanani ixabiso lokwenyani, kodwa sinokuqikelela kuphela iqondo apho iziphumo zomlinganiselo zisondele okanye zikude kangakanani nexabiso lokwenyani.
Nangona ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo kunye nempazamo kunomahluko ongasentla, basazalana ngokusondeleyo.Ingcamango yokungaqiniseki kukusetyenziswa kunye nokwandiswa kwethiyori yempazamo, kwaye uhlalutyo lwempazamo lusesisiseko sethiyori sokuvavanya ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo, ngakumbi xa kuqikelelwa amacandelo ohlobo lwe-B, uhlalutyo lwempazamo alunakwahlulwa.Ngokomzekelo, iimpawu zezixhobo zokulinganisa zingachazwa ngokweyona mpazamo iphezulu evumelekileyo, impazamo yesalathiso, njl. njl. Ixabiso lomda wempazamo evumelekileyo yesixhobo sokulinganisa esichazwe kwiinkcukacha zobugcisa kunye nemimiselo ibizwa ngokuba "yimpazamo enkulu evumelekileyo" okanye "umlinganiselo wempazamo ovumelekileyo".Luluhlu oluvumelekileyo lwempazamo yesalathiso echazwe ngumvelisi kuhlobo oluthile lwesixhobo, hayi eyona mpazamo yesixhobo esithile.Eyona mpazamo iphezulu evumelekileyo yesixhobo sokulinganisa inokufumaneka kwincwadi yesixhobo, kwaye ibonakaliswe ngophawu lokudibanisa okanye lokuthabatha xa lichazwa njengexabiso lamanani, ngokuqhelekileyo libonakaliswa ngempazamo epheleleyo, impazamo enxulumeneyo, impazamo yereferensi okanye indibaniselwano yoko.Umzekelo ±0.1PV, ±1%, njl. njl. Eyona mpazamo iphezulu evumeleke kwisixhobo sokulinganisa asikokungaqiniseki komlinganiselo, koko inokusetyenziswa njengesiseko sovavanyo lokungaqiniseki komlinganiselo.Ukungaqiniseki okuvezwe sisixhobo sokulinganisa kwisiphumo sokulinganisa kunokuvavanywa ngokubhekiselele kwiphutha eliphezulu elivumelekileyo lesixhobo ngokwendlela yokuvavanya uhlobo lwe-B.Omnye umzekelo ngumahluko phakathi kwexabiso lesalathisi sesixhobo sokulinganisa kunye nexabiso lokwenyani elivunyelweneyo legalelo elihambelanayo, eliyimpazamo yesalathiso sesixhobo sokulinganisa.Kwizixhobo zokulinganisa eziphathekayo, ixabiso elibonisiweyo lixabiso layo lesiqhelo.Ngokuqhelekileyo, ixabiso elinikeziweyo okanye eliveliswe kwakhona kumgangatho ophezulu wokulinganisa umgangatho lisetyenziswa njengexabiso lokwenyani ekuvunyelwene ngalo (elihlala libizwa ngokuba lixabiso lokulinganisa okanye ixabiso eliqhelekileyo).Kumsebenzi wokuqinisekisa, xa ukungaqiniseki okwandisiweyo kwexabiso eliqhelekileyo elinikwe ngumgangatho womlinganiselo yi-1/3 ukuya kwi-1/10 yempazamo enkulu evumelekileyo yesixhobo esivavanyiweyo, kwaye impazamo yesalathiso sesixhobo esivavanyiweyo ingaphakathi kowona mlinganiselo uphezulu uvumelekileyo. iphutha , inokugwetywa njengefanelekileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-10-2023
